Take my advice with a grain of salt. I'm maybe around a 1200 ELO player at best based on my performance vs the Chess.com bots. But I'd like to believe I had success in helping about a dozen people enjoy learning how to improve their game over the last few decades.
For context, I played for about a week or two last summer and that was the last time I played chess in a measurable manner. I'm quite certain I am not even at 1500 ELO. I have a buddy who is around 1600-1800? He says he's envious of my mid game, but obliterates me in terms of openings and late game. He likes figuring out how to play my hyper aggressive game and the fact I like toying around with unconventional play which keeps things fresh for him. I like tinkering around with Alekhine's defense even though I've been told I often played it incorrectly. I've never won against my buddy, but he says he's always happy to play against me for a change of pace.
I think as someone significantly stronger at chess who will try and teach someone significantly weaker, one of the best approaches is to ensure that you're simultaneously trying to learn how to keep the game interesting for both sides. The weaker opponent also works on improving their fundamentals while you re-teach yourself the fundamentals, learn a new opening or use your advanced skills to weave a specific lesson or narrative in the final game play.
Chess puzzles are a good one, but based on my experience, I'd keep it completely separate from playing full games. I've seen too many newbies who are really good at chess puzzles lose interest in full games relatively quickly.
Agreed with the handicap, but I've never gone as far as a King and 3 pawns when teaching. I'd typically halve my back row and seal off castling. I don't drop the queen because it gets hard for the opponent to learn and strategize and get excited about taking a strong piece. However, I find the handicap thing rapidly becomes a detriment vs a useful teaching method, so I've always viewed it best to consider it a fun puzzle type play vs a true development type game style similar to something like bughouse/Siamese chess.
Similar to the chess puzzle idea, after the piece handicap puzzles, I'll go immediately into timed chess and offer a handicap based on time (ie: 5-20 minutes vs 20-60 minutes). It's still more time than either of us really will use, but it's surprising how much of the psychology aspect of the game can be taught through the clock, so I'd recommend starting the education of chess with a clock early. More than enough time for both sides, but enough to give some pressure so that they can learn that pressure is a natural part of the game.
Because of the clock it's also easier to intentionally blunder every 5th-10th move and not make it feel as much like you're patronizing your opponent. That or create a 2+ move puzzle for the opponent to increase the value of their captured pieces and blame it on making a mistake because I was rushed for time. I really didn't find it very valuable in helping someone learn the game if I was throwing it intentionally, because then they'd learn weird patterns they'd never see again when progressing upward (thus they'd have to unlearn to re-learn).
Every 3-5 moves or so (not every move) I'd also ask what the opponent is looking at and why. I'd give them a suggestion on two different areas of the board against me that are 1-2 moves deep, and then let them decide which of the two to choose, or if they have a totally different idea they want to pursue. I'd also make sure it would be a 2 move opportunity, so that the opponent could learn to see how to chain sequences together and learn the "why" and "how" of the game. I'll have some fake "ah crap" comments while playing, but I'll occasionally openly say I'm doing a move where in 2 moves, they can increase the value of the captured piece. I say if they find the solution, I'll let them increase the value of the captured pieces. But I'll also say if they don't I'll keep both pieces.
I also offer up to 3 mulligans. But by mulligan, it's the ability to rewind the game 2-3 of their moves (4-6 moves total) which allows us to continue playing an alternate reality of the original game play. I never 1 move mulligan. It's not beneficial to both of us if we do that. I have to train myself to memorize play and be a bit more engaged vs mostly tuned out of a game.
One thing I've always felt was important to someone new learning the game is giving them that great feeling of capturing a high value piece in a game. Now, that being said, this isn't purely one sided for the person learning the game.
Doing these intentional blunders and puzzles in gifting a higher value piece in a fork to a newbie is beneficial to me too. It allows me to see a board and play a board where perhaps it sorta emulates a situation where I'm playing someone overwhelmingly good and my blunders emulate being crushed by a higher ELO player. I'm attempting to learning how to read and salvage a board in a disadvantageous situation. That's also why I intentionally blunder every 5-10th move. I'm attempting to re-level the playing field, but also sorta emulating if someone really good was absolutely destroying my strategy and positioning with some clever moves. I'm still playing 3-5 moves in earnest to dig myself out of a hole. That way I think hard about how I can stay engaged in the game vs fighting to tune out as I watch a brutal game unfold.
I'm essentially playing in a challenging way where I'm looking at both "How do I create a puzzle on the board that allows my opponent to increase (or catch up) their playing piece value to mine." plus "What would I wish to prevent, but would have to play through if an opponent found a way to blind side me or I blundered badly on my own? How would I attempt to salvage the game or piece positioning?".
In terms of material to review for teaching purposes, I've always liked Yasser Seirawan. I introduced his material to a few others and they commented they really liked his teaching style more than the other material they had been using. That being said, the last time I recommended Yasser Seirawan books or videos was like 5 years ago. There's been a lot of fantastic material and videos that have likely been released since then.
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