I've seen some pretty massive spreadsheets, and I've seen some spreadsheets that took 30 seconds to update, but I don't have enough experience to know where things go bad. 30,000 doesn't sound like very much to me, but I'm more used to developing my own apps.
There's also lots of things you can do with Excel to speed things up as you get more complicated (how things are referenced, using VBA, making sure things are sorted if that's relevant, etc).
I'm not really sure what your next step up would be though, MS has Visual Studio Express which would let you develop a desktop app to do this kind of thing, but that just feels like overkill.
Maybe something like
Filemaker Pro?