(This was my first round pick.)
In the category of Inventor / Scientist, team Five-hole selects
Nicolaus Copernicus.
Nicolaus Copernicus (19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was the first astronomer to formulate a comprehensive heliocentric cosmology, which displaced the Earth from the center of the universe. His epochal book, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), published in 1543 just before he died, is often regarded as the starting point of modern astronomy and the defining epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution. His heliocentric model, with the sun at the center of the universe, demonstrated that the observed motions of celestial objects can be explained without putting the Earth at rest in the center of the universe. His work stimulated further scientific investigations, becoming a landmark in the history of modern science that is now often referred to as the Copernican Revolution.
The Copernican Revolution refers to the paradigm shift away from the Ptolemaic model of the heavens, which postulated the Earth at the center of the universe, towards the his heliocentric model with the Sun at the center of the universe. It was one of the starting points of the Scientific Revolution of the 16th Century. For over a millennium, the Catholic Church had been at the head of not just religion, but also politics and science. The Church did not explicitly contradict popular theories of geocentrism, although prominent theologians such as St. Thomas Aquinas and St. Albert the Great were aware of heliocentric theories. Revelation of the latter to the uneducated masses was rightly predicted to cause discord across all branches of knowledge. Thus began the great shift from trust in authority figures to trust in the self.
The philosopher Immanuel Kant used the expression "Copernican revolution" to describe the effect that his critical method would have on traditional metaphysics.[2] The conditions and qualities he ascribed to the subject of knowledge placed man at the centre of all conceptual and empirical experience, and overcame the rationalism-empiricism impasse, characteristic of the 17th and 18th centuries. See also Subject-object problem.
On July 14, 2009, the discoverers of chemical element 112 proposed that it be given the permanent name Copernicium and symbol Cp "to honor an outstanding scientist who changed our view of the world".[69] This proposal has been submitted to IUPAC for discussion by the scientific community; if the name is approved, it will replace the temporary name "ununbium".