In the simplest terms.
A part time 4wd splits the engine torque evenly between the front and rear axles. You should not drive a 4x4 engaged in 4wd on pavement as it could cause drivetrain binding and damage your transfer case.
Full time AWD the transfer case has a differential in the case which allows the engine torque to be distributed between the front and rear axles accordingly. The differential in the transfer case allows the you to safely run on pavement.
The traction control system is what keeps all tires getting traction. Without a traction control system a AWD vehicle will apply all torque to the tire with the least resistance.
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