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Originally Posted by mykalberta
Just wondering what evidence you have or know of?
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There is no conclusive evidence, only speculation, which is largely built around Neanderthal brain size being greater than that of modern humans.
I believe Neanderthals and modern humans had fairly similar brain size to body mass ratios, which would indicate similar intelligence and makes the question of Neanderthal language more interesting. If humans and Neanderthals were equally intelligent, but Neanderthals were much more physically dominating than humans, it would suggest that humans had an additional evolutionary advantage. A prominent theory is that our evolutionary advantage is having a vocal tract that enables more effective and efficient vocal communication.
It's quite plausible that Neanderthals were slightly more intelligent than humans, but failed to survive in conflict with humans because of inferior vocal communication.