Trying to pull some of this back to, you know, AI...
Kurzwell, in 'The Singularity Is Near' does a good job of describing how, despite the fact that neurons are constantly dying and being replaced, memories remain. And it doesn't take long until none of the neurons that contain a memory were around at the time that the memory actually occurred.
The interesting thing about that is that it poses the question: can memories be transferred (specifically to an AI)?
And of course, if at some point they are, it would be a rather large blow to the 'free thought and free will are outside the chemical makeup of our brains' argument.
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